Dismal Science

Posted on LiveJournal 13st June 2009

"...a dreary, desolate and, indeed, quite abject and distressing one; what we might call, by way of eminence, the dismal science."   -Thomas Carlyle, 1849

The point of learning economics is to better understand the processes that underlie the distribution of goods and services - markets, interest rates, inflation, exchange rates, supply and demand - all that good stuff. Sadly, in my opinion, the entire discipline is flawed for a number of reasons. Like in mathematics, many of their theories are built on assumptions which may or may not be true.

For example, "consumers will act in a rational manner" is taken as axiomatic by every economic theory I've ever seen, but leads me to the belief that those economists haven't hung around many of them for very long. People frequently act irrationally. For another example, there exists certain magical items the demand for which increases as the price goes up. They are called Giffen goods by economists. If you read the Wiki article, you will notice a distinct air of mystery around them, as they violate another axiom (the ostensibly unidirectional relationship between supply, demand and prices). You might also pick up a certain hint of condescension, for the same reason. Anything to avoid the horrible, ugly truth that they might have it all wrong.

Tangential to the point of learning economics is the being able to predict the future. Now, of course, no one can predict the future. All you can do is look at the past and try to explain what happened. But policy-makers frequently expect economists to be able to predict the future, and (presumably because they like their jobs) economists never seem too eager to disabuse the policy-makers of those notions. So we are regularly treated to humiliating failures when it comes to all sorts of economic predictions.

For example, when the banking and insurance industries crashed into the ground in the US, the king of free market ideology, Alan Greenspan, admitted he made a "mistake". The mistake was obvious to those of us who had been paying attention. Greenspan is not alone however. The prevailing theories of economics were all on his side. For another example, read my post on Peak Oil. Actually, don't bother. The Cliff's Notes on it is that there is no Peak Oil problem. The whole thing is a house of cards put together on the basis of fundamentally flawed understanding of economics. If you want to know why, now you can read my post.

There follows some more evidence for the prosecution of the case that economics is not nearly as useful as it thinks it is:

Exhibit A: In 1970, Richard Titmuss conducted a famous study into why people donate blood. A group of previous donors were requested to donate blood, and offered a small financial reward for doing so. A control group of previous donors were merely asked to provide blood without any incentive. 63% of the first group ended up donating, where as 90% of the second group donated.

It has been suggested that the reason for this counter-intuitive conclusion is "pricing undermines people’s sense of community and cohesion because people are deprived of the opportunity to express altruism and no longer face the moral conflict and challenge to answer the question about their obligations to strangers", but your guess is as good as mine. The point is that there is no theory of standard economics which could possibly explain this.

Exhibit B: In 2000, Uri Gneezy and Aldo Rustichini conducted a study made famous by Freakonomics in an Israeli kindergarten. Although it sounds like a set-up for a mildly amusing joke, the people running the kindergarten had a problem with parents arriving late to collect their children. They had to stay there until the parents came, obviously, which was a pain. So they introduced a disincentive, a small fee. Upon the introduction of the fee, the number of parents arriving late increased dramatically.

It has been suggested that the reason for this counter-intuitive conclusion is "that penalties are usually introduced into an incomplete contract, social or private", and "the deterrence hypothesis loses its predictive strength, since the clause “everything else is left unchanged” might be hard to satisfy." In other words, there is no system of economics which could possibly explain this.

Exhibit C: There is a wonderful piece of economic torture called the Ultimatum Game. What happens is that two people are put into a room. One of them is given ten dollars. He may choose to give any amount he chooses to the other person, and if the other person accepts the offer, both of them keep their money. If the second person does not accept the offer, for any reason, no one gets anything. Standard economic theory dictates that an offer of one dollar should be made and accepted. The reality is that offers of three dollars or less are overwhelmingly rejected.

It has been suggested- well, read the explanations that Wiki offers in your own time. It's always entertaining to see well-qualified men in the field of economics scrabble around in the dirt, desperately searching for some sort of explanation for the madness that is the human brain, and trying to convince us all that the basic model of economic theory is still sound.

Quod erat etc.

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